essence of language-2 (continuation of article Jacobson)
final chapter of the novel by Jules Romain "Children love» («Les amours enfantines») is called "Noises streets Reaumur" («Rumeur de la rue Reaumur»). The writer says that the names of Parisian streets, she recalls the song the wheels and the walls and various other kinds of urban noise, vibration and noise. These motifs fused in a book with the theme of the tides, are embodied in the sound picture rue Reaumur. Of the consonants in the name consists only sonorant; sequence consists of four Sonorant (S) and four vowels (V); SVSV, - VSVS, - mirror symmetry with the group both at the beginning and its rearrangement to an end. The initial and final syllables names of three recorded verbal environment: rue Reaumur, ru-meur, roues. . . murailles, trépidation d'immeubles, [«noise of the wheels. . . wall, shaking buildings. "] Vowel syllables, isolated have three opposition phonemes; 1) lower (rear) - high (front), 2) Flat (labialized) - nebemolnye (nelabializovannye), 3) diffuse (closed) - nediffuznye, (open):
ru ré
au mur
rou mur
ré men
Low
Flat
Diffuse
skillful interweaving of similar and contrasting features in this "song of the wheels and the walls" suggested by banal street name, give a decisive answer to the proclamation of Alexander Pop requirement: "The sound should be the response of sense."
Postulating two original linguistic properties - the arbitrariness of the sign and the linearity of the signifier - Saussure attributed to both of them are equally fundamental importance. He believed that if these laws are true, they would have "incalculable consequences" and determine "the whole mechanism of language." However, the system diagrammatizatsy, explicit and mandatory for all the syntactic and morphological system of language, but exists in a latent and virtual form and its lexical aspect destroys dogma Saussure of arbitrariness, while the second of its "general principles" - the linearity of the signifier - was shaken expansion of phonemes in different symptoms. Elimination These guidelines require, in turn, review and conclusions derived from them.
Thus, visual and clear idea of Pierce that "the character can constitute an iconic sign or (rewrite this union in a modern style: and / or) code ", put before the science of language, new imperatives and opens before her promising prospects. Indications that "the conductor in the semiotics of" entails important implications for linguistic theory and practice. Iconic and indeksalnye components of the linguistic sign is too often underestimated or even not taken into account, on the other hand, predominantly symbolic nature of language and the consequent radical difference from other, mainly indeksalnyh or iconic systems, signs and expected due regard to the modern linguistic methodology.
His favorite quote Pierce picked up from "metalogic" John Salisbury: Nominantur singularia, sed universalia significantur «Single called, and the total oznachivaetsya. How much empty and trivial controversy would be avoided scientists studying natural language as a system, if it possessed "a speculative grammar "Pierce, and especially its thesis that" the true symbol - a symbol that has a total value "and that in turn is the value" can only be symbol "because omne sym-bolum de symbolo« Every symbol - a symbol. " Symbol not only able to designate any particular thing, but sure "denotes a kind of thing" but "he himself was born, and not a separate thing." Symbol, such as the word is the "general rule", which have a value only through the different cases its application, namely, through the spoken or written - bearing in rem nature - replicas. Whatever the modification of these embodiments of speech, it remains in all cases, "the same word."
signs, bearing mostly symbolic - these are the only characters that due to the fact that they have common value, capable of forming judgments, whereas the "iconic signs and indexes do not argue." In one of the posthumous works of Charles Peirce - Book "Existential Graphs", which has the subtitle "my masterpiece" - ends with an analysis and classification of characters, followed by a summary, related to creative ability (enérgeia) language: "So, way of being a character different from that of the existence of the iconic sign and the index. Being iconic sign belongs to the past experience. It exists only as an image in memory. Index exists in the present experiment. Being a character is real the fact that something is definitely going to be taken if certain conditions are met, namely if the character will have an impact on thought and behavior of its shell. Each word is a symbol. Each proposal - a symbol. Each book - a symbol of ... The value of the character in that it serves to make rational thought and behavior and allows us to predict the future. " Philosopher repeatedly returned to this idea: indeksalnomu hie et nunc «here and now," he emphatically opposed "common law "that underlies any character:" All truly general refers to an uncertain future because the past has only a set of such cases that have already occurred. The past is actual fact. But the general rule can not be fully implemented. This potentiality, and its way existence - esse in future "be in the future." Here, the idea of the American logic intersects with the foresight of Velimir Khlebnikov, the very sort of poet of our century, who in comments to his own works (1919) wrote: "I realized that the birthplace of creativity - in the future, there is blowing wind gods word»
[1] Bloomfield L. Language. Moscow: Progress, 1968, pp. 42. Ca. Ed.
[2] C C with w p F. de. Works on linguistics. Moscow: Progress, 1977, pp. 100. - Comm. Ed.
[3] See: E. Benveniste General Linguistics. Moscow: Progress, 1974, ch. VI. - Comm. Ed.
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